TNNR The News Network Resource
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A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby
a central operation provides programming for many television stations. Until the
mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated
by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (e.g.
the BBC, NBC or CBS) evolved from earlier radio networks. It may be confused
with a television channel.
Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks
based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central
point, and whether the network master control has the technical and
administrative capability to take over the programming of their affiliates in
real-time when it deems this necessary—the most common example being breaking
national news events.
In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated
content from all their stations and where most individual stations are therefore
nothing more than large "repeater stations", the terms television network,
television channel and television station have become interchangeable in
everyday language, with only professionals in TV-related occupations continuing
to make a difference between them, if one was ever made. This applies to the
United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, South Korea and most other countries outside
Northern America.
However, in North America in particular, many television channels available via
cable and satellite television are branded as "networks" but are not truly
networks in the sense defined above, as they are singular operations – they have
no affiliates or component stations. Such channels are more precisely referred
to by terms such as "specialty channels" (Canada) or "cable networks" (U.S.),
although the latter term is somewhat of a misnomer (however, it may be judged
otherwise because cable channels are networked across the country by various
cable and satellite systems).
In the U.S., television networks are simply identified as "networks" (such as
ABC, CBS or NBC), while the local stations are identified by the station's call
sign and city of license. In Europe and much of Asia, Africa and South America,
television networks are often more or less numbered (for example, Britain's BBC
One, BBC Two, ITV1, Channel 4 and five etc, or the Netherlands' Nederland 1,
Nederland 2, Nederland 3. In Australia, television networks are identified by
the channel number in the capital cities (such as Seven, Nine or Ten).
History
NBC set up the first permanent coast-to-coast radio network in the United States
by 1928, using dedicated telephone line technology. But the signal from an
electronic television system, containing much more information than a radio
signal, required a broadband transmission medium. Transmission by a nationwide
series of radio relay towers would be possible but extremely expensive.
Researchers at the AT&T subsidiary Bell Telephone Laboratories patented coaxial
cable in 1929, primarily as a telephone improvement device. Its high capacity
(transmitting 240 telephone calls simultaneously) also made it ideal for
long-distance television transmission, where it could handle a frequency band of
1 megahertz. German television first demonstrated such an application in 1936 by
relaying televised telephone calls from Berlin to Leipzig, 180 km (112 miles)
away, by cable. The network was later extended to television viewing offices in
Nuremberg and Munich.
AT&T laid the first L-carrier coaxial cable between New York and Philadelphia,
with automatic signal booster stations every 10 miles (16 km), and in 1937 they
experimented with transmitting televised motion pictures over the line. Bell
Labs gave demonstrations of the New York-Philadelphia television link in
1940-1941. AT&T used the coaxial link to transmit the Republican national
convention in June 1940 from Philadelphia to New York City, where it was
televised to a few hundred receivers over the NBC station.
NBC had earlier demonstrated an inter-city television broadcast on February 1,
1940, from its station in New York City to another in Schenectady, New York by
General Electric relay antennas, and began transmitting some programs on an
irregular basis to Philadelphia and Schenectady in 1941. Wartime priorities
suspended the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use
from April 1, 1942 to October 1, 1945, temporarily shutting down expansion of
television networking. However, in 1944 a short film, "Patrolling the Ether",
was broadcast simultaneously over three stations as an experiment.
AT&T made its first postwar addition in February 1946, with the completion of a
225-mile (362 km) cable between New York City and Washington, D.C., although a
blurry demonstration broadcast showed that it would not be in regular use for
several months. NBC launched what it called "the world's first regularly
operating television network" on June 27, 1947, serving New York, Philadelphia,
Schenectady and Washington. Baltimore and Boston were added to the NBC
television network in late 1947. In the 1950s the networks stretched coast to
coast, carried on the new microwave radio relay network of AT&T Long Lines.
FCC regulations in the United States restricted the number of television
stations that could be owned by any one network, company or individual. This led
to a system where most local television stations were independently owned, but
received programming from the network through a franchising contract, except in
a few big cities that had network owned-and-operated stations. In the early days
of television, when there were often only one or two stations broadcasting in an
area, the stations were usually affiliated with several networks and were able
to choose which programs to air. Eventually, as more stations were licensed, it
became common for each station to be affiliated with only one network and carry
all of the "prime time" network programs.
Another FCC regulation, the Prime Time Access Rule, restricted the number of
hours of network programming that could be broadcast on the local affiliate
stations. This was done to encourage the development of locally produced
programs and to give local residents access to broadcast time. More often, the
result included a substantial amount of syndicated programming, usually
consisting of old movies, independently produced and syndicated shows, and
reruns of network programs. Occasionally, these shows were presented by a local
host, especially in programs that showed cartoons and short comedies intended
for children. See List of local children's television series (United States).
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RuneScape takes place in the fantasy-themed realm of Gielinor, which is divided
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